![]() This can include a nerve block anaesthetic to reduce pain. Non-operative treatment: as well as taking painkillers to help your symptoms, including anti-inflammatory medication, you may also be offered treatment if the scoliosis is putting pressure on a nerve. If your symptoms affect your nerves, you may also need further tests including an ultrasound, MRI or CT scan. Scoliosis can be diagnosed during a physical examination of the spine, backed up with X-rays to examine the curvature in greater detail. More serious symptoms, which affect nerve endings, include loss of bladder or bowel control weakness or numbness in the legs and in men, erectile dysfunction (inability to get or maintain an erection). Some people have pain that spreads to their hip, legs or arms. Although in most cases scoliosis itself does not cause pain, the spinal curvature can put pressure on nearby muscles, making them tender. These include appearing ‘lopsided’ (one shoulder higher than the other or one shoulder blade sticking out more than the other) leaning to one side or one hip sticking out more than the other. In adults it can be caused by damage to the spine, or scoliosis that wasn’t diagnosed when you were a child and it’s thought that as many as seven out of 10 adults have the condition to some extent. CausesĪlthough no one is sure exactly what causes scoliosis, you are more likely to have it if you have other conditions including cerebral palsy, Marfan syndrome or muscular dystrophy. It usually develops in children between the ages of 9-14. The proposed framework may therefore improve the understanding of spine anatomy and aid in the clinical quantitative evaluation of spinal deformities.Scoliosis is when your spine is curved abnormally to one side. The significant difference in values indicates that the descriptors of GC and CA may be used to detect and quantify scoliotic spinal curvatures. The obtained courses of the GC and CA for the scoliotic spine were compared to the distributions of GC and CA for the normal spines. ![]() The positions of maximal TK, TJ and maximal LL can be easily identified by observing the GC and CA distributions at different vertebral levels. The main advantage of GC and CA is that the measurements are independent of the orientation and size of the spine, thus allowing objective intra- and inter-subject comparisons. The distributions of GC and CA values were obtained along the 30 images of normal spine at each vertebral level and show that maximal thoracic kyphosis (TK), thoracolumbar junction (TJ) and maximal lumbar lordosis (LL) on average occur at T3/T4, T12/L1 and L4/L5, respectively. The mean distance to vertebra centroids was 1.1 mm (+/-0.6 mm) for the first and 2.1 mm (+/-1.4 mm) for the second method. Polynomial functions of the fourth and fifth degree were used for the description of normal and scoliotic spinal curvature in 3D, respectively. The first method is based on the least-squares technique that approximates the manually identified vertebra centroids, while the second method searches for vertebra centroids in an automated optimization scheme, based on computer-assisted image analysis. The descriptors are determined from 3D vertebral body lines, which are obtained by two different methods. We demonstrate the two descriptors that characterize the spinal curvature in 3D on 30 computed tomography (CT) images of normal spine and on a scoliotic spine. The descriptors are the geometric curvature (GC) and curvature angle (CA), which are independent of the orientation and size of spine anatomy. In order to study the properties of such complex 3D structures, we propose two descriptors that capture the characteristics of spinal curvature in 3D. The purpose of this study is to present a framework for quantitative analysis of spinal curvature in 3D.
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